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PS Henry Eckford
''Henry Eckford'' was a small passenger-cargo steamboat built in New York in 1824. She is notable for being the first steamship in the world to be installed with a compound engine, almost fifty years before the technology would become widely adopted for marine use.
==Construction==
''Henry Eckford'', named in honor of Henry Eckford, the famous New York shipbuilder of the era, was built by Mowatt Brothers & Co. of New York 〔 in 1824.〔 The machinery for the vessel was subcontracted to the Allaire Iron Works of James P. Allaire, who installed a compound engine (commonly known at the time as a "Woolf double cylinder" engine). Although the compound engine with its greater efficiency〔Compound engines of this era could typically reduce fuel consumption by about a third.〕 was already a well established technology, having been patented by British inventor Arthur Woolf almost twenty years earlier, such an engine had never before been used to power a ship.〔''"In 1824 James P. Allaire built the first compound engine for the ''Henry Eckford'' ..."''—Morrison, p. 48.〕〔''"Two notable improvement were made in engines in the meantime ... in 1824 James P. Allaire, who had made a reputation as an engine builder, brought out a "compound" engine ... the ''Henry Eckford'', the ''Sun'', and a number of others were brought out on this principle ... But curiously enough, it was not until about 1870 that compound engines became the fashion."''—Spears, p. 166.〕〔''"In 1825, James P. Allaire, of New York, built compound engines for the ''Henry Eckford'' ... Erastus W. Smith afterward introduced this form of engine on the Great Lakes, and still later they were introduced into British steamers."''—Thurston 1883, pp. 282-283.〕〔''"Allaire used the compound engine, with steam at a pressure of one hundred pounds () and upward, in 1825, for the first time in steam-navigation. The first of his vessels of this class was the ''Henry Eckford'' ... "''—Thurston, 1891 Chapter VIII.〕
''Henry Eckford'''s compound engine was of the vertical crosshead type.〔''Marine Engineering'', p. 7.〕 It had two cylinders—a high-pressure cylinder 12 inches in diameter and a 24 inch low-pressure cylinder—and a stroke of 4 feet.〔Morrison, p. 48.〕 The engine operated at a pressure of about ,〔 well above the common to marine steam engines of the period.
While the higher pressure was necessary for the compound engine to fully utilize its greater efficiency, it may account for the fact that this type of engine remained unpopular in marine applications long after its invention, as boiler explosions were not uncommon on early steamboats and higher pressures made for more violent explosions. After ''Henry Eckford'', Allaire would go on to install several more steamboats with compound engines,〔 decades before the technology was to achieve widespread acceptance in marine applications.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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